Cognition Essay - 1552 Words

Cognition What is cognition? It is the general term given for mental activities. In cognitive psychology, it is the study of higher mental processes; memory, attention, language, reasoning etc. in contrast to behaviourists; cognitive psychologists are more ready to posit mechanisms and processes that are not directly observable, such as memory stores and switches of attention. Cognitive research includes several different facets of mental life, such as the use of imagery in representation, processes of decision making and problem solving and reasoning. A First Course in Psychology, Nicky Haynes, 3rd edition, Harrap Ltd, London, Page 202. Cognition is all to do with the memory. The memory is the ability to access information†¦show more content†¦This involves applying our knowledge of the world around us as well as other cognitive processes. Perception is a continuous cycle, in which what we expect to see affects what we look for and vice versa. „ « Storage: Information received is simply held in preparation for some future occasion. As we are storing this information in our sub conscious, it is referred to as long term memory (LTM). The information is stored here ready to be recalled later. LTM holds a vast quantity of information and can be stored for long periods of time. The information kept in our LTM is diverse and wide ranging and it includes all of our personal memories, general knowledge and our beliefs of the world. It also holds our plans for the future and it is the depository for all our knowledge on skills and expertise. Research suggests that we often use semantic categories to help us in our LTM and that visual imagery provides another method. Psychology at AS Level, Cardwell, Clarke Meldrum, 2nd edition, Harper Collins Ltd 2000, London, Page 6. Researchers have found that LTM had distinctive characteristics. Tulving (1972) made a distinction between episodic and semantic memory. Episodic being the memory for facts, events and episodes, whereas semantic being the how to memory - how to catch a train, how to understand the person talking toShow MoreRelatedMeta-Cognition and Social Cognition598 Words   |  3 PagesMeta-Cognition and Social Cognition Amy L Walker Grand Canyon University: PSY-354 September 27, 2015 Meta-cognition and social cognition both influence interpersonal behaviors by using knowledge, personal beliefs, and views and beliefs of others around us. Meta-cognition is how we view our own self and process to create the best me that we can be. Social cognition is what we perceive about others around and how it affects how we view ourselves and others. 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Cognition has many different facets; cognition is not static throughout a person’s lifespan. Cognition can include memory and the rate individuals process different types of information at. Therefore, one-way, someone can improve cognition and promote successfulRead MoreSchemas: Psychology and Social Cognition1582 Words   |  7 Pagesdominant theme in social cognition research is that we are cognitive misers, economizing as much as we can on the effort we need to expend when processing information. So schemas are a kind of mental short-hand used to simplify reality and facilitate processing. Schema research has been applied to four main areas: person schemas, self-schemas, role schemas and event schemas (Fiske amp; Taylor, 1991). 2. Understanding Social perception During the 1980s social cognition research began to positRead MoreLinks Between Cognition And Language1402 Words   |  6 PagesThere are a number of links between cognition and language that form important links. These links are illustrated well, specifically in terms of spatial organization, fire, hunting and cooperative provisioning, within the context of the Gesher Benot Ya’aqov. Gesher Benot Ya’aqov (GBY) is an archaeological site Dated to approximately 780 kya. It provides evidence to support the notion that early hominids were making fires, and spatially organising their lives in a social manner, deliberately around

Ethical Leadership Styles As Tools For Influencing...

The purpose of this paper is to discuss ethical leadership styles as tools for influencing organizational culture while respecting the diversity of cultures embodied by employees. The variety of leadership styles are because of the cultural influences, people of different cultures have diverse beliefs and expectations about what is perceived as effective leadership (Jogulu, 2010). Due to the global environment were organizations operate, it is necessary to identify leadership models that will work within the various cultures in the organization. Therefore, the need to analyze different leadership models under the different cultures to select one that works best. Selecting a leadership model that works across cultures is a challenging preposition, one that will be address in this paper. Perception of use of power, influence, and authority â€Å"Authority is generally seen as a special form of power, which refers to the ability to influence outcomes through force, coercion or persuasion, and through legitimate or non-legitimate means. Power is typically understood as a process or force that helps to integrate society or maintain social order, especially when there are disagreements or social cleavages that might make it difficult for people to get along† (Howson, 2009). The perception of use of power, influence, and authority varies by culture. 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Servant leadership takes it a step forward in that it concerns leadership who work altruistically with followers for the purpose of achieving a shared goal that advances the collective, rather than the individual. In reflecting on my organization, servant lea dership is the leadership theory that bestRead MoreEffective Leadership Skills During An Ethical Dilemma1464 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Leadership Skills during an Ethical Dilemma The purpose of this paper is to introduce ethical frameworks that can help solve an ethical dilemma. I will give an example of ethical issues encountered in a jail setting and an ethical dilemma that I experienced as a result of these ethical issues. I will analyze the moral, ethical, and legal implications that I used in this ethical dilemma. 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International Competitiveness and Innovation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the International Competitiveness and Innovation. Answer: Introduction: Technology advancement holds great importance when it comes to the growth of the economy, as it empowers an economy to extend regardless of the possibility that the components of creation, for example, work and capital stay at a similar level. Without a doubt, innovative advance is viewed as important to keep up and quicken monetary development, as the expansion in the elements of generation is probably going to end at some point or another. For creating nations, ingestion and absorption of outside innovation, global technology exchange, is a critical technique for accomplishing mechanical advance, on the grounds that their capacity in building up their own innovation is constrained. Worldwide technology exchange takes different modes including acquiring innovation from outside nations in different structures, including authorizing, bringing in distributed materials, welcoming remote specialists, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and others. Among these methods of global technology exchange, FDI has turned into a noteworthy method of worldwide innovation move in the later decades. A few reasons might be found for such improvements. One is the fast development of FDI on the planet, which has been caused because of the advancement in FDI arrangements and the considerable decrease in the expenses of worldwide correspondence. These two variables added to the quick evolution of FDI as they decreased the expenses of undertaking FDI. Another reason that FDI has turned into a noteworthy method of worldwide technology exchange needs to do with the methodology of multinational enterprises (MNCs). Perceiving the significance of keeping innovation inside MNCs to keep up their aggressiveness, MNCs have been fairly hesitant in pitching their advances to different organizations through licensing (Shujiro et al., 2006). Intra Firm Technology Transfer: Two sorts of technology exchange, including MNCs can be distinguished. One is a technology exchange from parent firms of MNCs to their abroad subsidiaries, and the other is transfer of technology from abroad associates of MNCs to local firms. The previous kind of technology exchange is described as intra-firm technology exchange, the last as innovation spill over . Intra-firm technology exchange needs to happen before innovation overflow is figured out. Intra-firm technology exchange is completed by different means, including work understanding (at work preparing), and preparing projects to local representatives. Innovation overflow might be acknowledged in various structures. Innovation might be exchanged from outside firms to nearby firms, when regional laborers who have obtained learning from working at remote firms move to neighborhood firms or begin a new business. Neighborhood firms may obtain innovation from outside firms by learning generation and administration innovation or know-how from their business engagement with remote firms through acquisition of parts and segments or offers of items, and by mimicking creation strategies and administration know-how owned by the foreign organization (Ito Krueger, 2000). Literature Review: A few investigations have analyzed the examples of intra-firm technology exchange from parent firms to their abroad partners. A large portion of these examinations inspected the assets or the expenses exhausted for intra-firm technology exchange by using data acquired from contextual investigations. An author examined 119 instances of technology exchange by British organizations in India. He found that British organizations consume more assets for technology exchange, through giving such physical assets as plans and segments, and in addition, sending staff, to their joint endeavors with Indian firms than nearby Indian firms. In light of the data about the asset costs related to twenty-six technology exchange ventures attempted by U.S. firms in chemicals and oil refining and apparatus, another researcher found that the expenses of technology exchange were higher when innovation beneficiaries were joint endeavors than when they were completely claimed remote backups. He additionally found that the expenses were higher when innovation providers were less experienced in technology exchange and when beneficiaries were less experienced in assembling. Examining the information collected into fourteen enterprises, he found that MNCs spent more assets, through sending designers and preparing nearby workers in the MNCs' nations of origin, for technology exchange, including completely possessed backups than on account of joint endeavors, while they spent minimal assets on account of technology exchange to autonomous firms (Petronia et al., 2015). Moreover, RD by licensees was found to lessen the measure of assets spent for technology exchange, demonstrating that high mechanical capacity of the innovation beneficiary encourages technology exchange. One of the researchers embraced a comparative way to deal with think about the expenses of technology exchange by Japanese firms. Utilizing data on assets consumed for intra-firm technology exchange for 104 fi rms, he performed measurable examinations to perceive the determinants of the expenses and the lengths of the time required for exchanging innovation. Like the discoveries of different examinations, he found that the more noteworthy the support given by the parent firm, the more resources are spent for technology exchange. Past involvement in technology exchange was found to bring down the expenses of technology exchange. The level of innovation to be exchanged was found to influence the expenses of technology exchange, in that exchanging high innovation tends to cost more (Wahab et al., 2012). Determinants of Intra-Firm Technology: The factors influencing the intra-firm technology transfer model includes mechanical, authoritative and monetary components vital for the effective implementation of the procedure. A number of authors have appeared through their observational investigation, the implication of the desires of gains. Another monetary factor that influences technology exchange choices is the availability of budgetary assets. These are basic for adjusting to the specialized and authoritative changes that come about because of receiving new innovation (Fazal Wahab, 2014). The speculations required for adjusting innovation to the requirements of individual units are generally less in the intra-firm than in the inter-firm approach on the grounds that the inner dissemination of fresh innovation can be performed to the advantage of economies of scale and without radical changes to the procedure of generation and the appropriation of items. A further factor with direct impact on the intra-firm exchange process is the time slack between the production of an innovation and its proliferation through exchange to auxiliaries or to free firms. Be that as it may, the time slack factor can be incorporated inside the innovative vulnerability factor, given that the progression of time builds learning of the innovation, along these lines diminishing vulnerability about it (Arenas, 2016). Another way to deal with research the technology exchange's components has centered around the attributes of the innovation being exchanged and the hierarchical structure of the firm assigned to get it. A few creators specifically have featured the specialized and hierarchical attributes of these determinants, while others have focused on the significance of social angles, for example, cooperation and the correspondence between accomplices in the exchange procedure. Among the specialized attributes, practical homogeneity is demonstrated as a factor in advancing technology exchange. The innovation to be exchanged can be received for theoretically and fundamentally comparative purposes to those acknowledged in the organizations and the mechanical segment of source. One case of this is the exchange to the medical segment on innovation utilized by astrophysicists for investigating space that offers a similar reason for identifying wonders, which, as in space investigation, are not obviou s utilizing conventional optical techniques (Reddy Zhao, 1990). The level of information about the conduct and execution of the innovation being exchanged can be grouped among the specialized determinants. This learning is generally the aftereffect of a satisfactory trial and constitute the know-how that might be possessed by the company's administrators or the exchanging association on an individual premise and in a non-composed manner, or it might be formalized. The most ideal level of formalization remains a 'vexed inquiry': formalization speaks to an essential component in making exchange powerful, yet in the meantime makes it simpler to take. Under specific conditions, the inner exchange process creates a solid boost to formalize the innovation (khabiri et al., 2012). Intra-Firm Technology Transfer in Japanese MNCs: Malaysia, as a quickly developing economy is accepted to be substantially more engaged with exchange of innovation, particularly as to the adjustment of new rising advancements. In late perceptions it is seen that the issue, including an innovative move in Malaysia has been all the rage in practically every mechanical gathering occurring locally by both open and private partners. A researcher affirmed that, as Malaysia knows that time and costs does not permit it the chance to create and deliver every one of the advances required; along these lines, Malaysia has chosen to bring in innovation which is reasonable and generally speedier apparatuses of quickening the use of science and innovation. As far as Asian creating nations like Malaysia, China, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Ghana, and so on, who are encountering quick advancement International Technology Transfer keeps on playing as a key impetus for monetary development. Additional ly, the territories of technology exchange and learning administration contribute fundamentally to the profitability and authoritative productivity alongside financial advancement that impacts countries like Malaysia to concern profoundly to oversee information and receive imaginative innovation as deciding elements for the procedures identified with technology exchange (Filieri, 2010). The point of Malaysia to use its current qualities and assets for improving its aggressiveness and adaptability to achieve worldwide greatness is reflected in its Third Industrial Master Plan 2006-2020. The Tenth Malaysian Plan 2011-2015 has likewise worried about the significance of supporting the advancement drove development, building up a first-world ability base as far as human resources, and use of high innovation in the fields of biotechnology, nanotechnology, top of the line designing, green innovation and Technology Parks by acquisitions and uses through Government built up bodies like the M alaysian Technology Development Corporation and Malaysian Venture Capital (Henchion et al., 2013). The Malaysian approach appear to be synchronized with the Second National Science and Technology Policy that decided on expanded interests in innovative work, increment indigenous innovation creating capacity, setting up new real research and innovation advancement organizations, assembling long haul connects amongst colleges and enterprises for the technology exchange and preparing, financing support for the innovation improvement and techno-entrepreneurship in a joint effort with the Malaysian Technology Venture Association, building up Malaysian Technology Credit Guarantee Scheme, upgrading administration of innovation knowledge and data framework and advancement of inventive innovation based organizations engaged with the underwriting and advertising of mechanical developments.. At the same time the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) has additionally been effective ly assuming its part in upgrading mechanical abilities of Malaysia by concentrating on advancing interests in high innovation and information based ventures. It hence contributes towards Malaysia's endeavors in making a high salary economy, which would be learning driven, high innovation industry-based, mechanically information concentrated and higher in esteem, and Research and Development dynamic, falling in accordance with the goals of the New Economic Model (NEM) so as to change Malaysia into a higher pay country by 2020 (Zeile, 2014). Benefits: The fundamental enthusiasm of MNCs has constantly spun around the exchange of innovations from the developed nations to developing marketsand subsidiaries objectives are accepted to be most secure method of moving information with a specific end goal to void danger of spillage by contenders along these lines making the upper hand of the MNCs' backups in the host nations essentially vital. This is the reason contemplates on auxiliary execution have been emerging as the principal centre of technology exchange writing. At the same time the thought process behind empowering the exchange of innovative forms by creating countries is because of the way that technology exchange decidedly rouses economies to perform better (Omar Takim, 2012). The development accepting states accomplish a level of headway in their particular economies just when they gain the capacity to ingest the exchanged advances.The execution of an element saw as assembled abilities got by associations. They add itionally stretched out that MNCs continually needs to deliver and exchange imaginative learning from the central command to auxiliaries and the other way around keeping in mind the end goal to get and maintain the upper hand. The capacity to accomplish and actualize inventive innovations could enhance mean execution level, which thus would boost the upper hand on a firm (Glass Saggi, 2010). Challenges: Alongside the intricacy related to the idea of innovation, technology exchanges concern, at least two countries with various social, financial and mechanical foundations, which make obstructions unavoidable piece of the procedure. The elusive part of innovation profound established in the firm traditions is a noteworthy mishap in the exchange procedure as it requires a slow learning process combined with high exchange costs. The exchange costs incorporate the mechanical and administrative aptitude as well as incorporate promoting and RD help for both existing and calculated era and utilization of innovation, alongside the measure of assessment forced by the Government of host nations on cross-fringe eminence instalments that process of importing technology very costly. The amount of inventive innovation utilized by MNC partners in have nations, possibly relies upon the spending energy of the subsidiaries. Research additionally uncovered that physical remoteness, for insta nce, geological separation, conventions or culture, and national segregation between workforces may impede working all in all and can counteract exchanges of delicate innovation. A different report, additionally called attention to the troubles related to intra-firm information moves and brought into light issues, for example, inspiration lack; deficient engrossing capacity; insufficient holding capacity of recipients; formal frameworks and structures; less incessant individual cooperations; alongside strenuous connection between the exchange accomplices (UNCTAD, 2014). 'Lack of interest in work' is likewise said as a boundary to the smooth move of innovation in the writing. Where there is an absence of enthusiasm from various people, this may affirm that a few people don't really appreciate the community work with other individuals. This could show into more major issues later on in a community oriented course of action and is likewise connected to the 'not-invented here' disorder. This factor refers to people in firms resisting embracing or adopting knowledge associated with a new technological development. Language can even now go about as a restriction to the compelling exchange of innovations. For example, the motivation behind why this factor repressed the exchange was on account of the transmitter did not completely comprehend the idea of the current assembling capacity at the beneficiary site in Portugal. The issue of 'absence of incentive' to work together features the requirement for larger amounts of focal corporate financing, to encourag e better innovation transmission paths in MNCs. Ways to overcome these challenges: Keeping in mind the end goal to viably interface people with various abilities crosswise over land and hierarchical limits, administration must outline methods to restrain the obstructions to innovation exchange. This can be supported through the improvement of a culture of 'trust' as demonstrated in the paper before. The procedure of buliding trust requires that partners have a trust in the capacity of each other to settle on the correct choices. This trust in other individuals' capacities can give the consolation about any purposes of questions and prompts a readiness to regard the other party's genuineness. Thus confide in prompts a mutual regular seeing, however, is built by the performers included and is setting particular. The same number of innovation administrators is required to concentrate on natural filtering, and long-term vital heading, they may disregard some critical inside mechanical abilities. This infers they should better evaluate these capacities to perceive what aptitudes are missing before they start to search for inside organizations inside the MNC. Along these lines an assessment of their association's ability to gain from the innovation exchange may feature deficiencies here, on the grounds that staff have not been urged or educated to transmit or get mechanical information before. The 'telecom display' exhibited here represents some of the key factors that ought to be considered by innovation administrators when they make these sorts of assessments. 'The picture of a correspondence model to depict exchanges accurately suggests that exchange is not an onceand-for-all, particular occasion (Wang, 2016). Or maybe exchange turns into an iterative course of action that starts with a comprehension of the specialty unit's business sectors, openings, and needs, and what the potential effects of specific advances upon these zones will be. Therefore innovation administrators outlining methodology to deal with an d better record innovation exchange rehearses inside firms could utilize the 'telecom demonstrate' exhibited here to help catch all the more completely and plainly the elements, many-sided quality, nature and capability of intra-firm innovation exchange courses of action that empower powerful administration of this movement.Expanding the motivating forces to exchange advancements over the MNC can build the motivators to develop by producing new marketing and technological opportunities, while the ability to enhance might be upgraded through access to new resources (Glass Saggi, 2010). Conclusion: To conclude it can be said, intra-firm technology transfer is a very beneficial practice for the multinational companies. This practice enables a corporation to make use of its knowledge across the boundaries of different nations, whilst staying within the organization. This practice has gained a lot of popularity recently due to the rise in competition in the global market. This exchange of innovation is advantageous, yet complex in nature. There are several factors that act as hindrances in this process of transfer of technology. The report has discussed these factors and provided relevant methods to break through these barriers effectively, in order to make the most of the intra-firm technology transfer process. References Arenas, J., 2016. University-Firm Technology Transfer, a Literature Review, Available at: https://iamot2016.org/proceedings/papers/IAMOT_2016_paper_170.pdf Fazal, S. Wahab, S., 2014. A Review on Technology Transfer in Context of Multinational Corporations, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277137351_A_Review_on_Technology_Transfer_in_Context_of_Multinational_Corporations Filieri, R., 2010. Overcoming Knowledge Sharing Barriers through Communities of Practice: Empirical Evidence from a Big Automotive Supplier. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Glass, A. Saggi, K., 2010. The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in International Technology Transfer, Available at: https://people.tamu.edu/~aglass/DevHandbook.pdf Henchion, M., Buckley, M. OReilly, P., 2013. Determinants of Effective Technology Transfer, Available at: https://www.dit.ie/media/dittoolboxproject/REPORT%201C%20-%20Literature%20Review%20-%20Determinants%20of%20Effective%20Technology%20Transfer.pdf Ito, T. Krueger, A., 2000. The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in East Asian Economic Development, Available at: https://www.nber.org/chapters/c8495.pdf khabiri, N., Rast, S. Senin, A., 2012. Identifying Main Influential Elements in Technology Transfer Process: A Conceptual Model. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, pp.417-23. Omar, R. Takim, R., 2012. Importing international technology through international technology transfer (itt) projects in construction: synthesis of itt projects models, Available at: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB17606.pdf Petronia, G., Verbano, C. Venturini, K., 2015. Determinants and Catalysts in Intrafirm Technology Transfer: Learning From Case Studies. Journal of technology management innovation, 10(1). Reddy, M. Zhao, L., 1990. International technology transfer: A review, Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.458.5829rep=rep1type=pdf Shujiro, U., Toshiyuki, M. Wei, Y., 2006. International Intrafirm Transfer of Management Technology by Japanese Multinational Corporations, Available at: https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/06e006.pdf UNCTAD, 2014. Transfer of Technology and knowledge sharing for development: Science, technology and innovation issues for developing countries, Available at: https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/dtlstict2013d8_en.pdf Wahab, S., Rose, R. Osman, S., 2012. Exploring the Technology Transfer Mechanisms by the Multinational Corporations: A Literature Review. Asian Social Science, 8(3), pp.1-9. Wang, L., 2016. Knowledge transfer in multinational enterprises: intra-firm and inter-firm perspectives, Available at: https://academicarchive.snhu.edu/bitstream/handle/10474/3178/int2016wang.pdf?sequence=1 Zeile, W., 2014. Multinational Enterprises and International Technology Transfer, Available at: https://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2014/09%20September/0914_multinational_enterprises_and_technology_transfer.pdf

Debut Albums and Best Thing free essay sample

Everyone has that one thing theyve always wanted to do or that fear they want to conquer. Sometimes that one thing youve always wanted to do could end up being the best thing youve ever done. You only have one life so you either make all your dreams come true while you have it or you waste that time. Im not one to waste my life or time; if I want to do something Im going to do it. On the sunny, hot summer day in 2010 my best friend George took me on his motorcycle for the very first time.I was not only scared but I was also super excited. Ever since I was a little girl I always anted to be able to one day ride on a motorcycle. I had not only so many thoughts running through my head but I also had tons of feelings running throughout my body. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Best Thing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When we were getting ready to go on the bike I was so nervous I couldnt even do the straps to my helmet. I was so scared to get on the bike and actually get going but this was something I had to do because it was something Vive always wanted to do.When we first started going I wasnt quite sure about how I felt about being on the bike. At first I didnt really like the feeling that nothing was around us to protect us like when you were driving a car. As we started to pick up speed I started to feel more and more comfortable. Then the further and further we began to drive I felt so much more alive. This was a feeling Vive never felt In my life. I had never felt such a freedom like I did while riding the motorcycle. Riding the motorcycle made me feel so happy once I wasnt scared beyond belief anymore.While riding It was like everything bad or anything you were worrying about practically disappeared. He took me all over town and I realized that was the best thing Vive ever done. This was something that could make you feel so good with little effort put forth. As we went all over town we stopped at various places receiving many compliments about the bike. The bike was a Honda Shadow, chic liquid-cooled 52 degree V-tall and It was bright red. The bike sparkled In the sunlight like It was freshly washed; you could tell this was a bike that was ready for the road. This was the perfect bike for cruising or commuting. After riding the bike for well over an hour we began to get restless and tired so we decided to make a stop In Springfield. While In Springfield we ended up going and getting something to eat at a local pizza place. Once we were back on the bike and ere closer to home George had given me another first. For the very first time ever I went to the store Bleeders In East Aurora. Bleeders was huge; It had all different types of things In there.This was definitely a place you could spend hours upon hours shopping or Just browsing around the store. This motorcycle was literally a ride of a lifetime. It made me challenge myself, not only by making me face my fears but by making me do what Vive always wanted to do. This experience will last with me forever and go down In history as the greatest time of my life. I wouldnt change this ay for anything and Im so glad I got over my fears and actually did It. Everyone always said you can do anything you put your mind to and believe me I sure did that day.I accomplished and got over one of my biggest fears. It was one of the best and happiest days of my life. Not only did I cross one thing off of things to do before I die but this gave me an even bigger challenge of eventually learning to ride a bike of my By silkily much more alive. This was a feeling Vive never felt in my life. I had never felt such a happy once I wasnt scared beyond belief anymore. While riding it was like everything Honda Shadow, chic liquid-cooled 52 degree V-twin and it was bright red.The bike sparkled in the sunlight like it was freshly washed; you could tell this was a bike decided to make a stop in Springfield. While in Springfield we ended up going and went to the store Fiddlers in East Aurora. Fiddlers was huge; it had all different types of things in there. This was definitely a place you could spend hours upon hours forever and go down in history as the greatest time of my life. I wouldnt change this day for anything and Im so glad I got over my fears and actually did it.

Computer R Us Company

Introduction The Computer R Us Company received numerous complaints about the services offered in their CompleteCare division.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Computer R Us Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After thorough investigations into the complaints, the management established that the division was experiencing problems as a result of inadequacy of trained operators and problems with distribution and availability of parts. In response to these problems, the management came up with four initiatives that aimed at improving customer satisfaction. In this paper, analysis will be carried using various tools to establish the effectiveness of the initiatives that were put in place. Research design Sampling technique This research was conducted using research survey study approach. Data was collected using a questionnaire that had three sections. The first part required personal information, that is, a ge and gender. In the second section a Likert scale of ten points was used to collect some data. The final section focused on determinants of customer satisfaction. Four questions were asked in this section and each had a Likert scale of ten points. The random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 500 customers (Kothari, 2004). The questionnaires were sent to the 500 customers and only 420 responded. In order to collect the data necessary for this study, several steps will be taken to ensure that appropriate care is taken to protect the participants. There are no universally accepted determinants of customer satisfaction ((Verbeek, 2008). Besides, the results of previous studies do not give conclusive result on the most effective determinant. Therefore, the attributes used by the management of Computer R Us to improve the level of customer satisfaction are a sample of what other companies use (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, Griffin, 2012).Advertising Looking for case study o n business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis The first test show that the overall satisfaction is statistically different from 6 out of 10. The calculated mean is 4.4881 and it is less than the goal. The result of the second question shows that the overall satisfaction of female customers is higher than that of male customers. Therefore, there is a need to improve the level of satisfaction of the male customers. The results of the third question indicate that there is no difference in the level of satisfaction across the different age groups. Further, tests on question five shows that there is no difference in gender composition across the five age groups. The fifth test reveals that customers tend to be more satisfied with the loyalty rewards program than response times in the CompleteCare division. Therefore, the management needs to improve the response time in the division. The final test shows that all the fo ur initiatives have a potential of improving customer satisfaction. Further, response time of the CompleteCare division and level of advice CompleteCare staff provides on Computers R Us products have more impact than the other two initiatives (Baltagi, 2011). Recommendations The results of hypothesis testing show that the management did not achieve their goal. For the company to achieve the target of 6 out of 10, the management needs to consider the recommendations listed below. Decrease the response time of the CompleteCare division. This can be achieved by increasing the number of well trained personnel and equipment that can facilitate service delivery at the division. The company should introduce a rating system that can be used by customers continuously. The management should also focus on improving the level of satisfaction of the male customers. The management should train the CompleteCare staff on a continuous basis. This will improve the quality of advice they give clients . References Baltagi, G. (2011). Econometrics. New York: Springer Publisher Kothari, J. (2004). Research methodology: methods and techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited Publishers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Computer R Us Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Verbeek, M. (2008). A guide to modern econometrics. England: John Wiley Sons. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J., Griffin, M. (2012). Business research methods. USA: Cengage Learning. Appendix: Hypothesis testing Does the current level of customer satisfaction differ from management’s goal of 6 out of 10? Hypothesis H0: The current level of customer satisfaction = 6. H1: The current level of customer satisfaction ≠  6. Statistical technique In this case a one sample t-test will be used to test the hypothesis. Justification One sample t-test is most suitable for evaluating a hypothesis that compares the actual mean and hypothesized mean. Results of the test Variable 1 Variable 2 Mean 4.488095238 6 Variance 5.505824526 0 Observations 420 420 Pearson Correlation Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 419 t Stat -13.20498454 P(T=t) one-tail 7.85063E-34 t Critical one-tail 1.64849841 P(T=t) two-tail 1.57013E-33 t Critical two-tail 1.965641842 t Stat -13.20498454 t Critical two-tail 1.965641842 P(T=t) two-tail 1.57013E-33 Interpretation The results show that t-calculated is greater than t-critical. Also, the p-value (1.57013E-33) is less than alpha (5%). Therefore, the null hypothesis will be rejected at the 95% confidence level. This implies that the current level of customer satisfaction differ from management’s goal of 6 out of 10.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Is there any difference between the overall satisfaction of male and female customers at Computers R Us? Hypothesis H0: Overall satisfaction of male customers = overall satisfaction of female customers at computer R Us. H1: Overall satisfaction of male customers ≠  overall satisfaction of female customers at computer R Us. Statistical technique In this case, a paired sample t-test will be used to test the hypothesis. Justification A paired sample t-test is the most suitable for testing hypothesis that compared the mean of two related variables. Results of the test t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances Female Male Mean 3.589430894 5.75862069 Variance 4.27564294 4.507873231 Observations 246 174 Pooled Variance 4.371757391 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 Df 418 t Stat -10.47338477 P(T=t) one-tail 2.98994E-23 t Critical one-tail 1.648507149 P(T=t) two-tail 5.97988E-23 t Critical two-tail 1.965655464 Interpretation In the results, the mean a nd variance of overall satisfaction for the male is greater than that of the female group. Further, t-calculated is greater than t-critical. Also, the p-value is less than alpha (5%). Therefore, the null hypothesis will be rejected at the 95% confidence level. This implies that there is a difference between the overall satisfaction of male and female customers of the company. Are there any differences in the overall customer satisfaction across the following age groups: under 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51 and over? Hypothesis H0: There is no difference in the overall satisfaction across the various age groups. H1: The overall satisfaction of at least one age group is different from the others. Statistical technique In this case, analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to test the hypothesis. Justification ANOVA is the most suitable technique for testing hypothesis that entails comparing mean for more than one group. One way ANOVA will be used because there is only one independent va riable. Results of the test Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Under 20 47 180 3.829787 6.579093432 21-30 109 501 4.59633 6.150356779 31-40 105 466 4.438095 5.786996337 41-50 107 485 4.53271 4.647504849 over 50 52 253 4.865385 4.236425339 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 29.52282 4 7.380705 1.344941124 0.252492 2.393438 Within Groups 2277.418 415 5.487753 Total 2306.94 419 Interpretation In the results above, the value of F-calculated is less than the F-critical. Besides, the p-value is greater than alpha (5%). Therefore, the null hypothesis will not be rejected at the 95% confidence level. This implies that there is no difference in the overall satisfaction across the various age groups. Are there any differences in the gender compositions across the five age groups? Hypothesis H0: There are no differences in gender composition across the five ag e groups. H1: Gender composition is different in at least one of the age groups. Statistical technique Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to test the hypothesis. Justification ANOVA is the most suitable technique for testing hypothesis that entail comparing mean for more than one group. One way ANOVA will be used because there is only one independent variable (Verbeek, 2008). Results of the test Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Under 20 47 20 0.425532 0.249769 21-30 109 47 0.431193 0.247537 31-40 105 43 0.409524 0.244139 41-50 107 41 0.383178 0.238582 over 50 52 23 0.442308 0.251508 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.18386 4 0.045965 0.18751 0.944872 2.393438 Within Groups 101.7304 415 0.245134 Total 101.9143 419 Interpretation In the results above, the value of F-calculated is less than the F-critical. Besides, the p-value is greater than alpha ( 5%). Therefore, the null hypothesis will not be rejected at the 95% confidence level. This implies that there are no differences in gender composition across the five age groups. Is there any difference in customer satisfaction based upon ‘response times in the CompleteCare division’ and the ‘loyalty rewards program’? Hypothesis H0: Customer satisfaction based upon response times in the CompleteCare division = the customer satisfaction based upon loyalty reward program. H1: Customer satisfaction based upon response times in the CompleteCare division ≠  the customer satisfaction based upon loyalty reward program. Statistical technique In this case, a paired sample t-test will be used to test the hypothesis. Justification A paired sample t-test is the most suitable for testing hypothesis that compared the mean of two related variables (Verbeek, 2008). Results of the test t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means Response time Loyalty reward program M ean 3.242857143 5.645238095 Variance 4.222502557 7.842817366 Observations 420 420 Pearson Correlation -0.011950135 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 Df 419 t Stat -14.09404771 P(T=t) one-tail 1.69112E-37 t Critical one-tail 1.64849841 P(T=t) two-tail 3.38224E-37 t Critical two-tail 1.965641842 Interpretation The results show that t-calculated is greater than t-critical. Also, the p-value is less than alpha (5%). Therefore, the null hypothesis will be rejected at the 95% confidence level. This implies that there are differences in customer satisfaction based upon response times in the CompleteCare division and the loyalty rewards program. Are any of the initiatives proposed by management related to the overall satisfaction of Computers R Us customers? Hypothesis H0: The initiatives proposed by the management are determinants of the overall satisfaction of Computer R Us customers. H1: The initiatives proposed by the management are not determinants of the ov erall satisfaction of Computer R Us customers Statistical technique In this case, a multiple regression analysis will be used. Justification Multiple regression analysis is used to model the relationship between one dependent variable and other explanatory variables. Results of the test SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.965602191 R Square 0.932387592 Adjusted R Square 0.931735906 Standard Error 0.613066164 Observations 420 ANOVA Df SS MS F Significance F Regression 4 2150.962676 537.7407 1430.732 3.3062E-241 Residual 415 155.9778006 0.37585 Total 419 2306.940476 Coefficients Standard Error t-Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept 0.896561298 0.103883791 8.630425 1.32E-16 0.69235727 1.10076533 0.69235727 1.100765326 Response time 0.86471784 0.03836737 22.53785 4.92E-74 0.789299227 0.94013645 0.789299227 0.940136454 Level of advice 0 .271037316 0.041145932 6.58722 1.36E-10 0.190156892 0.35191774 0.190156892 0.351917739 Level of communication -0.01775345 0.021480889 -0.82648 0.409009 -0.05997837 0.02447146 -0.05997836 0.024471457 Loyalty reward program 0.007973903 0.010696359 0.745478 0.456405 -0.01305189 0.0289997 -0.01305189 0.0289997 Interpretation The F-test will be used to test the overall significance of the regression model. The p-value for the F – test is less than alpha (0.05). Therefore, reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the four determinants are significant determinants of the overall customer satisfaction. Further, the p-value for response time and level of advice are greater than alpha (0.05). This implies that they are significant determinants of overall customer satisfaction of the company. This case study on Computer R Us Company was written and submitted by user Allison H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The First and Greatest Commandment

The First and Greatest Commandment Free Online Research Papers The Bible is the sacred text of all Christians. Although there are differences between the bibles of some Christian denominations, essentially all Bibles are divided into two parts – the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament gives the history of the Israelites, God’s chosen people. It is filled with myths, stories of love and hate, peace and war, adultery, murder, victory and loss. It also includes stories of Prophets, messengers of God, who came to remind the people of how God expected them to act, but more importantly to foretell the coming of a Messiah who would be a savior to the people. After years of compilation these stories and messages of prophets now make up the Old Testament. The New Testament is the story of the growth of Christianity, and the coming of the long awaited Messiah. This covers the time shortly before this coming, the birth of the Messiah, Jesus of Nazareth, as well as his life and the lessons he taught during his time on earth. The New Testament also recounts his death, resurrection, and ascension into heaven. The rest of the New Testament tells how his followers dealt with his absence, how they carried on his work and spread his message, and waited for the promised â€Å"Second Coming† of the Lord. The New Testament begins with four books called Gospels, which means â€Å"Good News†. They are (in order as in the bible): Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John . Although all four gospels recount events of Jesus’ life, the Gospel according to Mark is unique among these four. It is the shortest of all four gospels; however, one of its most important features is that (according to the Two-Source Hypothesis) it is thought that the gospels of Matthew and Luke took much of their information from Mark (as well as another hypothetical source â€Å"Q†). There are large sections from these two gospels that are word-for-word exactly as the same as sections are in Mark. This is significant because Mark was believed to be written first, therefore, it is considered to be a â€Å"cornerstone† for which the other gospels were built. Although the book does not officially have an assigned author, and it if officially labeled the â€Å"Gospel According to Mark†, the author is traditionally thought to be John Mark, a follower of Jesus some time after Jesus’ death and resurrection (most likely between A.D. 55 and 70, since this is the date that the book is thought to be written). John Mark traveled with Jesus’ apostles Peter as well as worked by his side in Rome. It is because of John Mark’s relationship with the apostle Peter that the gospel of Mark is categorized as having apostolic origins, meaning that it was written by either an apostle of Jesus or someone who had a close connection with an apostle. John Mark is also mentioned in some of Paul’s epistles, because he traveled with Paul and Barnabas (who was his cousin). Because of his close relationship with these influential figures in Christian history, particularly Peter the apostle, it is no wonder that the gospel of Mark is a narrative, and even a lot like a biography of Jesus, recounting very detailed events of his life and exact lessons that he t aught. While working with Peter he must have been privy to all kinds of stories of the man whom he was so devoted to and for whom he and all other Christians sacrificed so much. He, of course, also heard many stories of Jesus’ teachings, which he and other apostles, disciples, and missionaries were teaching others. One of those stories of Jesus’ message, recounted in the Gospel According to Mark, 12: 28-34, is commonly referred to as â€Å"The First Commandment and Greatest Commandment†. In this narrative gospel of Mark, Jesus is preaching when a scribe ventured to ask him which was commandment was the first, or in other words, which one was most important to follow. His response to â€Å"love the Lord with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength† (Mk. 12:30) and to â€Å"love your neighbor as yourself† (Mk. 12:31) is what this passage centers around. At hearing Jesus’ response, the scribe who initially questioned him responded by stating that he knew these things were important above all other things, particularly, â€Å"burnt offerings and sacrifices required by the law† (Mk. 12:33). The importance that Jesus sees in understanding and abiding by these commandments is emphasized by the author, John Mark, by writing that when Jesus saw that the scribe understood he told him, â€Å"You are not far from the kingdom of God†. The location of this passage in the Bible is not surprising because it is surrounded by passages (particularly in chapters 11 and 12) which are similar in that Jesus’ authority to teach and beliefs are being challenged by the authority figures in the Jewish faith, particularly those who run the Jewish Temple. It is important to notice that Jesus answered by stating not one, but two commandments, that had been given to Moses and the Israelites many years ago – found in Deuteronomy 6:5, as well as in Leviticus 19:18. These passages are in not only what Christians refer to as the Old Testament, but are in the Torah (the sacred scripture of the Jewish faith), which Jesus would have been very familiar with as a practicing Jew. Equally important, is the fact that these passages are based on the core idea of love. As a result of these two details which cannot be overlooked, I think that the message of â€Å"The First and Greatest Commandment† is to establish Jesu s as the new lawgiver with the message to love God and to love others. We must know and understand these commandments, as well as apply them to our lives, and it is when we are able to do these things, that we may fully enter into the kingdom of God. When reflecting on Jesus’ answer to the scribe, one must notice that Jesus states two passages from the Old Testament. This may seem insignificant; however, it is highly significant. Also notice that in the surrounding passages, as well as in the gospels of Matthew and Luke, the books surrounding the Gospel of Mark, Jesus authority is constantly being questioned and he is being put to the test by Scribes and Pharisees. The Jewish leaders were uncomfortable with Jesus’ practices because he did not follow the Mosaic Law, or Covenant (the set of rules and regulations that strictly guided the Jews â€Å"religious and community life and acted as their ‘constitution†, which also includes the Ten Commandments) as strictly as they believed he should. Jesus healed the sick on the Sabbath and ate with sinners and lepers, things that the scribes and Pharisees would never dream of doing. In quoting the sacred texts of the Jews, it was established that Jesus was a devoted, and practicing Jew, something the Scribes may have been confused by, because with his teachings Jesus made a statement to the Jews that he was the new covenant, the new lawgiver. The thought of something with more authority than the Mosaic Law of the Old Testament was highly disturbing to the Jewish leaders because they neither knew, nor wanted another way. The Old Testament can also be referred to as the â€Å"Law of Fear and Servitude† because it focuses primarily on rules, laws, and punishments. Jesus came to preach a very different message one of hope and love, which he summed up in two sentences. That is why the New Testament is referred to as the New Law, or the â€Å"Law of Love and Liberty†. As Sullivan explains, this is why St. Thomas Aquinas considered the New Law to be infused, to come from within. The Old Testament was about outwardly appearance, while the New Testament was about individual intimate relationships. Although Jesus certain ly taught the importance of obedience to God, he taught that instead it is better to do obey the Lord because of love, not fear of punishment. As a result of that love for the Lord, we are inclined from within ourselves to follow the law of God because we love him (thus, the title â€Å"Law of Liberty†). And with that same love, it is only logical that we would treat our neighbors with that same love, as we would want to be treated. Because the New Testament is a reflection on Jesus and his teachings, this passage in Mark is a perfect model of Jesus’ different form of teaching, and how he established himself as the new lawgiver, or new covenant to the people with his message to love God and to love others. As previously mentioned, the surrounding Gospels of Matthew and Luke also include this same passage; however, they differ greatly, as Agnes Norfleet notes in Between Text and Sermon. In the other gospels, the environment in which Jesus is questioned is very tense, accusatory, and unreceptive. The individuals questioning (more so challenging) Jesus are not questioning in order to receive answers, they are searching for a way to catch Jesus saying something that could be taken in an offensive way to the Jewish faith and tradition, in hopes of convicting him on a charge of blasphemy or another related crime. After hearing Jesus’ response his questioners are merely more aggravated and set on his conviction than before. The same passage, but in Mark, is a great contrast! The environment in Mark is pleasant and accepting. More importantly, the scribe who questions Jesus reflects on the answer he is given and finds that he agrees. When he states he thinks these commandments must be â€Å"more important than the burnt offerings and sacrifices required by the law†, he expresses understanding because he is able to apply Jesus’ message to his own life. Unlike the Jewish leaders in the surrounding books and passages, he is able to see the big picture and look past the â€Å"Law of Fear and Punishment† and see the message of â€Å"Love and Liberty† that Jesus preaches. This is exactly what Jesus wants all of his followers to do! He wants his followers to take his message and not merely accept it, but to judge for themselves and if in accord, to apply it to their lives! The importance Jesus places on this, as well as the desire he has for us to understand and act on his love is sealed when he tells the wise scribe, â€Å"You are not far from the kingdom of God†. The Gospel of Mark 12:2-34 can be interpreted and debated hundreds of ways, but I believe that the theological message of the passage was to establish Jesus as the new lawgiver, as well as to preach his message: to love God and to love others. Once able do this, his followers would be able to realize that they could live out his message by understanding and applying it to their everyday lives. When his followers could fully live out this â€Å"First and Greatest Commandment† they, like the scribe, would be in a place in which they longed to be, and Jesus longs for all of humanity to be, and that is â€Å"not far from the kingdom of God† (Mark 12:34). Bibliography Cory, Catherine A. and David Landry. The Christian Theological Tradition. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. The International Student Bible for Catholics: New American Bible. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1987. Norfleet, Agnes W. Mark 12:28-34. Interpretation: Between Text and Sermon 51, no. 4 (October 1997): 403-406. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed March 8, 2008). Sullivan, S.J., John J. The Commandment of Love: The First and Greatest of the Commandments Explained According to the Teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas. First ed. New York: Vantage Press, 1956. Research Papers on The First and Greatest CommandmentCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBringing Democracy to AfricaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Project Managment Office System

Policy of Mandatory Marriage Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policy of Mandatory Marriage - Research Proposal Example However, marriage requires more than just love between partners, and if this is not considered it is likely that after a few years of marriage the seeds of divorce germinate and take root (Jasper 54). The topic aims at, firstly, establishing the various causes of divorce. Secondly, it shows that through educating couples on the essence of marriage then they will respect and uphold it as an institution. Thirdly, it aims at showing that couples who have understood the essence of marriage through marriage education would avoid incidences of divorce through; biding their time, not rushing into marriage until they find the right person or going into marriage when they have armed themselves with weapons that would counter any divorce triggers (Jasper 94). Plan of fulfilling the topic The topic will start with a discussion of; the importance of marriage, misconceptions about marriage, the reasons for divorce and the negativity and pain that come with divorce. The topic will also address the way in which the media has portrayed marriage.

Knowledge mangemen assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Knowledge mangemen assignment - Essay Example Of the numerous activities constituting the knowledge management process, the most commonly discussed is knowledge transfer or knowledge sharing (Al-Alawi et al, 2007). Hislop (2009) observes that in the first generation of knowledge management literature, organisational socio-cultural factors were marginalised, and were not taken into consideration. However, the significance of organisational culture in knowledge sharing behaviour has now been established. Employees’ motivation and willingness to share knowledge emerges from the organisational culture, which is defined as the shared, basic assumptions that an organisation learnt while coping with the environment and solving problems of external adaptation and internal integration, taught to new members as the right way to solve those problems (Park et al, 2004). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate how organisational culture can influence knowledge sharing behaviour in the workplace. Organisational Cu lture Influences Knowledge Sharing Behaviour While the strategies and the technologies for knowledge management enable the proper channelisation and dissemination of knowledge, the culture of the organisation directly influences knowledge sharing among employees. Knowledge sharing is also related to the importance given to intellectual capital in an organisational culture. In a rapidly developing economy such as India there is considerable emphasis on intellectual capital in various spheres including organisational knowledge management. Cheema (2010) asserts that education in knowledge management is critical for organisational managers and human resource personnel, and their leading with knowledge helps the organisation to achieve sustained competitive advantage in the growing global market of today. The key debates and the various perspectives in organisational knowledge management begin with the origins of the study of knowledge, or its epistemology, argues Hislop (2009). The proc essing of knowledge within the organisation, and its connection to human motivation are also essential factors. Social and cultural issues particularly those pertaining to the workplace, play vital roles in knowledge management and in the sharing of knowledge. Organisational knowledge is of a collective and shared nature, and its different dimensions are reflected in the dynamics of knowledge production and dissemination. Further, knowledge processes pertain to conflicts and politics at the workplace , which are inherent parts of organisational culture. They reveal the ways in which knowledge and power are mutually related, states Hislop (2009). Each organisation has a distinctive culture which reflects the organisation’s identity both in the visible and in the invisible dimensions. The visible aspect of culture is found in the values, philosophies and mission of the company, while the invisible dimension is formed by the unspoken set of values directing employees’ act ions and approaches in the organisation, state McDermott and O’Dell (2001). The critical success factors in organisational culture that influence knowledge sharing included mutual trust between employees, with a high expectancy of reliability of the promise or actions of other individuals or groups. Only when there is trust do team members respond openly and share their knowledge (Politis, 2003). Further, top

Khaled Mashal; The Hamas Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Khaled Mashal; The Hamas Leader - Essay Example The domestic or local basis of power for Khaled Mashal is the people who support the establishment of the Palestine state and containment of Israel as per the pre-1967 border. Khaled Mashal is one of the most powerful leaders in the organization. Also, most of the middle-East countries support his cause and methods except Jordan that challenges his policies. The main adversaries of Khaled Mashal are the Israeli  leadership,  including the Prime Minister  Benjamin  Netanyahu,  who ordered his assassination in 1997.   Although the US primarily wants peace in the region, still the US is  wary  about dealing with Khaled  Mashal,  whom they consider as an extremist. Nonetheless, they are willing to negotiate with him as he is one  of the influential  leaders. The political negotiations however are not progressing smoothly for Khaled Mashal, as Israel is adamant about its position.   The international power base of Khaled Mashal is completely dependent on the support of various Middle Eastern countries. If there is some change in political opinions of these countries, it may put pressure on Khaled Mashal. Although, Khaled Mashal is cautious about the intentions of the European Union or US, as they may cause hindrance to his policies by  pressuring  Iran or  Saudi Arabia,  the main supporters. As per Khaled  Mashal,  he supports the border lines of pre-1967 between Israel, Gaza and West Bank. In addition to that, he wants a substantial amount of administrative right over the city of Jerusalem for complete peace.   Khaled  Mashal  supports the  establishment of Palestine as the sovereign  state, including all political  rights,  including the control over air space and coastlines, so that they are not dependent on Israel for issues related to logistics, transport and travel.  Khaled Mashal is not completely in favour of demilitarization of Palestine as he supports armed resistance as a part of Palestinian resistance. He rejects the suggestion of Israeli presence at

The Globalization Of Youth Culture Cultural Studies Essay

The Globalization Of Youth Culture Cultural Studies Essay In their article The Glocalization of Youth Culture: The Global Youth Segment as Structures of Common Difference, Kjeldgaard and Askegaard provide an analysis of global youth cultural consumption based on an empirical study. In our modern life, global teens play an important part in the global culture, and the teenage culture on a global scale reflects a youthful lifestyle and affects the constitution of global culture (Kjeldgaard and Askegaard, 2006). Hence, Kjeldgaard and Askegaards research has a special significance for us to know more about the global youth cultural consumption. From the article the fact can be also found that the young value changes and leads the future trend and fashion. Through the analysis of the global youth segment which may have common difference, readers can have a clear understanding of youth culture. In the article The Production and Consumption of Japanese Culture in The Global Culture Market, the author demonstrates an explicit process of the production and consumption of culture, and presents the fact that Japanese culture crosses national borders and has profoundly influenced the global culture. In the process of economic globalization, local culture crosses boundary and penetrates into other nations. This process can be called cultural globalization (Golstein-Gidoni, 2005). In this article, culture is presented in front of different people as a product, which is an approach for readers to understand the process of culture transfer in globalization. The author focuses on Japanese culture as a global cultural production to explain the global culture market. Meanwhile, both of the two articles demonstrate the fact that in globalization, culture has significant impact on peoples contemporary way of life. The essay will comment the two articles from the following four aspects: th e first one is about material culture and consumerism shaping peoples contemporary way of life; the second one is on cultural and social representations reproduction; the third one mainly analyzes the production and construction of identities through consumer society and global cultural industry; the last one discusses the social ramification of culture industry by addressing the relationship between the consumer and the marketplace. 2, Critical Review Material culture and consumption have a close relationship in the modern world. Due to the special relationship, they affect and shape the modern lifestyle. In the first article, the author shows readers different cultures of young people by comparing the differences of young consumers in Denmark and Greenland. Yong people establish their own culture, and they pursue fashion and have their own values. Young culture affects the lifestyle of young people. Young people advocate fast-paced life and pursue their own lifestyles, because they are deeply affected by the young culture (Abrams, 1959). Although young cultures in the world have some differences, they also have some common grounds that have an impact on young people and shape the lifestyle of young people. In the second article, readers can know more about the Japanese cultures influence on the contemporary way of life. Consumer culture is a culture of life after all. The Japanese lifestyle is different from other countries by th e affect of Japanese culture. Every country has their own culture, which can distinguish them from the other people. Duo to the differences of culture, people may have different lifestyles. Different social representations create different culture of their own, and different culture can also form different social representations. Young people form their own culture. à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Coolà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ is popular with young people, and they regard the cool as a fashion. Nowadays, à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Coolà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ culture has become the popular culture between young people. Culture shapes gender, tribal, and ethnic identities as a form of consumption. On the one hand, they have their own music tastes, clothing styles, and media habits, which distinguish them from the other people. On the other hand, young have become a social category, which has been closely related to the development of modernization. Young culture represents the young people, and young people develop the young culture. Japanese culture crosses national borders, which leave a deep impression on the people of other countries (Featherstone, 1990). Because Japanese form a unique culture of their own country , Japanese culture can differ from culture of other countries. Gravity and enthusiasm are often read in the Japanese culture, and they have become the special symbols of Japanese. Consumer society and global cultural industry affect the identities of different people. People share the different culture and they have different consumption in their daily life. Consumer society supplies a positive and fast-paced environment for the young people, and young people have become a social category by the effect of consumer society and global cultural industry (Thomas, 1997). The model of young people gain cultural significance in the early of this century, and the young consumers are lack of responsibilities. As a result, the teenage identity become inevitable a symbol of leisure and hedonic consumption. In the context of cultural globalization, Japan has generated its own Japanese culture, which makes Japanese people different from people of other countries. Japanese culture has given Japanese people special identities that belong to their own. Since post-World War II, young people have been seen as a huge market segment and the new mass popular culture, so more and more social ramifications of culture industry are created by the market segmentation. Marketing industry begins to tap into young by the driving of this cultural viewpoint. As a result, some new sunrise industries enter the market and carry out the strategy of market segmentation. Culture industry can generate all kinds of social ramifications, and young culture is no exception. Japanese culture develops into a special culture industry by the strategy of exporting and importing (Theodore, 1989). In the long process of development, representations of Japanese culture are becoming more and more, such as Japanese art, martial arts, ink painting, tea ceremony, and some of them have become new industries by addressing the relationship between the consumer and the marketplace. 3, conclusion From the two articles some key themes can be found that on the one hand, material culture and consumerism shape contemporary way of life, and culture has a lot to do with the lifestyle of people. On the other hand, material culture such as young culture and Japanese culture can also produce different industries, which are all in the context of cultural globalization. Culture distinguishes people from other people. In the process of cultural globalization, people should resist the invasion of unhealthy culture and study excellent culture, in order to achieve their own development.

Free Essay on Shakespeares King Lear - Is King Lear a Good King? :: King Lear essays

Is King Lear a Good King? At the beginning of the play we learn that King Lear is old and wishes to retire from his position of King of Britain. The decision greatly alters his life and the lives of those around him. He is accustomed to power and flattery from his subjects and expects the same regard and appraisal from his daughters. On his retirement he makes a very foolish decision to divide his kingdom among his three daughters. "Give me the map there. Know we have divided In three our Kingdom and 'tis our fast intent to Shake all cares and business from our age (Act I, i, 37-39) ." Lear surrenders all his power and land to his daughters as a reward for their fake demonstration of love towards him. This rash decision leads to his imminent downfall. The reader can actually foresee the breakdown of King Lear and his loss of control and order. Lear foolishly becomes angry at his youngest and favorite daughter because she refuses to phrase her love and affections. Lear then banishes Cordelia. This foolish act causes Lear to become vulnerable to his other two evil daughters as they conspire against him. After later realizing his mistake and how little Goneril and Regan care about him, he begins to go mad. Yet right from the start I had to question if he wasn't mad already. What king would just retire and divide up a powerful and sturdy kingdom? A Kingdom is run best under one ruler because only one decision is made without any contradiction. Dividing up a Kingdom politically has many disadvantages that Lear doesn't seem to realize. A Kingdom divided means there will be more than one ruler and a difference of opinion will occur. There will always be disagreements and arguments which may end in haste, creating tension between the rule rs, especially if they are related and are envious of each others power and are fighting over the same love interest. Although Lear may feel he had a good reason to divide his land there really is no rational reason for his action. He only divided his land so he could be showered with loving words from his daughters. His desire to fuel his ego by abdicating his throne for reward eventually causes him to lose everything, including his family and even his sanity.

21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism Essay

Religious fundamentalism is the belief that social and political life should be organized on the basis of what are seen as essential religious principles that are supported by a belief in the literal truth of scared texts.1 Fascism, on the other hand is a totalitarian ideology that centers itself upon the leader and possesses the ‘anti-factor’ whereby it rejects a whole lot of other ideologies such as liberalism and communism. At first glance, there seems to be not much connection between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism; however a more detailed comparison between the two ideologies will reveal similarities that caused the former to be viewed by some as the â€Å"new fascism† and differences that made this view irrelevant. In the first half of this paper, I am going to compare and contrast the various similarities and differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism and then show that to deem religious fundamentalism as a new form of fascism is really unjustified. In the remaining half of the paper, I will make an argument for my belief that 21st century religious fundamentalism should indeed be considered as an ideology and also the basis of its mass appeal. Due to the complexities and varieties of 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century fascism, the similarities and differences listed below can be seen as generalizations and thus proven wrong by certain sects of religious fundamentalism or certain style of fascism. However, this is inevitable as this is the only way to compare the similarities and differences between these two complex ideologies. The first similarity between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism is the emphasis in both ideologies upon charismatic leadership. Many of the fundamentalists believe in the embodiment of ‘truth’ by their leader who will in turn implement it.2 For instance, in the Catholic faith, the pope is seen as the Vicar of Christ and can do no wrong.3 Furthermore, Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of Islamic Iran was recognized first as Ayatollah (a ‘reflection of Allah’) and then Grand Ayatollah. 4Fascism is based upon the cult of personality built around its leaders and it is effectively crafted to exploit this cult. For instance, Hitler effectively cultivated the Fuhrer cult through Nazi propaganda machine under the expertise of Goebbels and through films such as ‘Triumph of Will’ by Leni Riefenstahl.5 Perhaps fascism’s huge emphasis on charismatic leadership is best embodied by Mussolini’s proclamation, â₠¬Å"Fascism is Mussolinism†¦what would Fascism be, if I had not been?†6 The second similarity between these two ideologies is the intolerance shown by both ideologies upon conflicting elements that goes against their principles. For instance, some sects of religious fundamentalism such as evangelicalism or Islamic fundamentalism exhibits little tolerance for other faiths and in some instances even prosecute and victimize minorities that believes in other faiths in a largely Islamist or Christian country. This intolerance also translates into the belief that religious views can be coercive and religious views ought to have a role in politics thus cementing the power of the religious fundamentalists in their country. This is comparable to the racism and anti-semitism present in European Fascism whereby the proclaimed enemies of the ideologies were shown no mercies and prosecuted and victimized through no faults of their own. The most extreme illustration of this is the holocaust which was brought about systematically by the Nazis. These two similarities certainly contributed to 21st century religious fundamentalism been branded by some as â€Å"the new fascism†. However, the more important contributing factor should be the increasing role that religion is playing in world politics. Judaism has produced its own militant â€Å"nationalist† terrorists; Buddhists show a militant and violent side in their politics in Sri Lanka against Hindu Tamils. 7 A few American evangelists have engaged in murder and violence on the abortion issue.8 Islam-inspired terrorism also received much publicity especially after the 911 attack. Furthermore, religious fundamentalists have tried their best to exert their influence through proper channels of government. For instance, American fundamentalists fielded candidates for elections.9 Thus the increasing influence that religious fundamentalists are trying to exert in politics and the adverse violent happenings that they brought in the 21st century doubtlessly brought echoes of the 20th century European Fascism which brought about not only the 2nd World War but also the holocaust. However, to brand 21st century religious fundamentalism as the ‘new fascism’ is not only incorrect but also unjustified. In the following paragraphs, I will proceed to show the differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism. 21st century religious fundamentalism does not contain elements of racism, anti-semitism or the belief in the possibility of a master race. It also holds no faith in eugenics. Furthermore, it is also an ideology that does not preach upon imperialism, militarism or world domination. All the above elements are defining attributes of 20th century European Fascism. The mere evidence that religious fundamentalism does not believe in all these attributes made the branding of it as a new form of fascism unjustified. Many religious fundamentalists believe that political power should be subordinated to religious power whereby the Bishop, the Rabbi, or the Ayatollah should be able to make the final decision on social issues.10 The best case scenario for religious fundamentalists would be as in the case of Iran where they actually govern however, compromises are made between religious fundamentalists and secular authorities.11 This belief that political power should be subordinate to religious power is of course the direct opposite of fascism whereby churches (religion) should be subordinate to the state. 21st century religious fundamentalism also possess other aspects in their ideology that is absent in 20th century European Fascism. Some of these attributes are otherworldliness and messianic spirit (where fundamentalists are concerned with the sacred and devote energy only in activities consonant with the words of God), against science (rejecting critical interpretations of the Bible and Darwin’s evolutionary theory), belief in the supernatural, moralism and the subordination of women.12 After showing the differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism, I will like to conclude that to brand the former as â€Å"new fascism† is not only unfair but incorrect. Next, this paper shall argue for 21st century religious fundamentalism to be accorded its rightful status as an ideology. Before I start defending my belief that religious fundamentalism is an ideology, I will like to provide the definitions of political theory and political philosophy. This is because of the commonly interchangeable usage of ideology, theory and philosophy and thus a clear distinction between the three terms will be helpful to my argument. Political philosophy is defined as a â€Å"disinterested search for the principles of the good state and the good society.†13 Political theory has been defined as â€Å"disinterested search for knowledge of political and social reality.† 14 Thus many scholars claimed that political philosophy is a normative theory while political theory is an empirical theory.15 Political ideology contains both the normative and empirical propositions.16 Thus, I will now start my argument by looking at the characteristics of an ideology and how religious fundamentalism actually fits these characteristics and rejects any suggestions that religious fundamentalism is only a ‘philosophy’ or a ‘theory’. â€Å"Ideologies arise in conditions of crisis and in sections of society to whom the hitherto prevailing outlook has become unacceptable†17 This accounts for the resurgence of religious fundamentalism in the late 20th to 21st century(similar to how European Fascism evolved) where social problems in western countries such as Britain and America have caused evangelicals to organize pressure groups to petition against abortion laws and other problems such as pornography. This further explains the popularity of political Islam in the Middle East as it is the only other viable solution to the secular ideologies propagated by the West. â€Å"An ideology is more than just ideas; it is also actions based upon those ideas.†18 21st century religious fundamentalism can be seen to fulfill this criterion as many examples show this. One example will be the establishment of Iran as an Islamic state and in its latest issue of Iran daily; Iran reiterated that it will still maintain its fundamentalist ways despite pressures from the United States.19 Another example will be Evangelicals forming pressure groups to translate their ideas into actions. â€Å"Ideology includes both empirical and normative elements-empirical assertions that certain conditions exist, and normative assertions that a certain political order is to be preferred.†20 21st century religious fundamentalism does possess this quality and one instance will be how Islamic fundamentalist view the Israel issue where they see Israel as a western creation due to no fault of their own and sought not to recognize the status quo but to take steps to revise it. Another example will be Islamic fundamentalists’ view of the United States role in the Middle East. â€Å"Ideology tends to be exclusive, absolute, and universal.† 2121st century Religious Fundamentalism contains various different sects, for instance, evangelicalism and Islamic fundamentalism and thus could not lay claim to this criterion. However, there are indeed common attributes within religious fundamentalism such as the inerrancy of the â€Å"Written Word† and the subordination of political power. Furthermore, within the different varieties of religious fundamentalism, one can points out that evangelicalism and Islamic fundamentalism is by itself, exclusive, absolute and universal. Lastly, â€Å"Ideologies seek to elicit a response of commitment and obligation on the part of the adherents.† Again, this criterion is easily satisfied by 21st century religious fundamentalism. This can be seen in the 911 suicide bombing of the twin towers by terrorists inspired by Political Islam. To pursue ‘jihad’, Islamic extremists are willing to give up their lives for a greater good. On a more moderate note, ideologies certainly influence evangelicals who try to fight against social laws that their ideology deem inappropriate. After showing the ability of 21st century religious fundamentalism of fulfilling the various criteria of an ideology, I can safely conclude that 21st century religious fundamentalism is an ideology and not a political philosophy or a political theory. In this last part of the paper, I will provide the basis of its mass appeal. The basis of 21st century religious fundamentalism’s mass appeal must be its political vision of the world and the kind of a new society that it can bring to the world. Faced with social problems such as rising crime rates, teenage pregnancy and abortion rates in the Western countries, evangelical activists draw strength from its ideology and attempt to fight all these social problems through the formation of pressure groups pressuring and cajoling the government to make improvements in all realms of lives, from abolishing abortion to anti-pornography laws to religious education in school. These actions by evangelical activists from their perspective can be seen not only as morally rewarding but also efforts made that adhere to their religious beliefs. Political Islam’s appeal in the Middle East can also be attributed to the erosion of traditional values brought about by modernization.22 Furthermore, complicated by the colonial experience, the failure of secular nationalism, the Israel creation and unhealthy US interferences in the region, political Islam remains a very attractive alternative to western ideas.( the reason been that Islam cover all aspects of lives and offer solutions to just about everything) In conclusion, this paper has shown the similarities and the differences between 21st century religious fundamentalism and 20th century European Fascism and also argued that to call religious fundamentalism â€Å"new fascism† is not only incorrect but unjustified. This paper has also argued for 21st century religious fundamentalism to be considered as an ideology through the demonstration of it fulfilling the various criteria of an ideology. Lastly, this paper has provided the writer’s perception for the basis of 21st century religious fundamentalism mass appeal. Bibliography Andrew Heywood, â€Å"Politics†, second edition, palgrave foundations, 2002 Aristotle A. Kallis, â€Å"The Fascism Reader†, first edition, Routledge, 2003 Graham E. Fuller, â€Å"The Future of Political Islam†, palgrave, 2003 J. Christopher Soper, â€Å"Evangelical Christianity in the United States and Great Britain†, Macmillian, 1994 Reo M. Christenson, â€Å"Ideologies and modern politics†, first edition, Fletcher and Son Ltd, 1972 Roy C. Macridis and Mark Hulliung, â€Å"Contemporary Political Ideologies, Movements and Regimes†,sixth edition, HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996 http://www.iran-daily.com/1384/2526/html/ Iran Daily Newspaper copyright,2005, 20/03/06 1 Andrew Heywood, â€Å"Politics†, second edition, palgrave foundations, 2002, p. 63 2 Roy C. Macridis and Mark Hulliung, â€Å"Contemporary Political Ideologies, Movements and Regimes†,sixth edition, HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996, p.233 3 Hulluing, p. 233 4 Hulluing, p. 234 5 Aristotle A. Kallis, â€Å"The Fascism Reader†, first edition, Routledge, 2003, p.294 6 Reo M. Christenson, â€Å"Ideologies and modern politics†. first edition, Fletcher and Son Ltd, 1972, p. 60 7 Graham E. Fuller, â€Å"The Future of Political Islam†, palgrave, 2003 p. 78 8 Fuller, p. 78 9 Fuller, p. 78 10 Hulluing, p. 233 11 Hulluing, p. 233 12 Hulluing, p. 233 13 Christenson, p. 7 14 Christenson, p. 7 15 Christenson, p. 8 16 Christenson, p. 8 17 Christenson, p. 9 18 J. Christopher Soper, â€Å"Evangelical Christianity in the United States and Great Britain†,Macmillian,1994, p.26 19 http://www.iran-daily.com/1384/2526/html/ Iran Daily Newspaper copyright,2005, 20/03/06 20 Christenson, p. 11 21 Christenson, p. 11 22 Fuller, p. 68